Vortex

Vortex Indicator — a pair of oscillators (VI+, VI−) whose crossings identify the start of a new trend.

Quick reference

Field	Value
Family	Trend & Directional
Input type	Candle (uses high, low, close)
Output type	VortexOutput { plus, minus }
Output range	each line >= 0, typically around 1.0
Default parameters	period = 14 (Python)
Warmup period	period + 1
Interpretation	VI+ above VI− = up-trend; the cross marks the turn.

Formula

VM+_t = |high_t − low_{t−1}|        (positive vortex movement)
VM−_t = |low_t  − high_{t−1}|       (negative vortex movement)
TR_t  = true range
VI+   = Σ VM+ over period / Σ TR over period
VI−   = Σ VM− over period / Σ TR over period

Each vortex movement measures how far this bar reached against the opposite extreme of the previous bar; dividing the running sums by the running true range normalises both lines to a comparable scale around 1.0. VI+ crossing above VI− signals a new up-trend; the reverse, a down-trend.

Parameters

Name	Type	Default	Valid range	Description
period	usize	14 (Python)	>= 1	Summation window. 0 errors with Error::PeriodZero.

The Python binding defaults period to 14.

Inputs / Outputs

From crates/wickra-core/src/indicators/vortex.rs:

use wickra::{Indicator, Vortex, Candle, VortexOutput};
// Vortex: Input = Candle, Output = VortexOutput
const _: fn(&mut Vortex, Candle) -> Option<VortexOutput> = <Vortex as Indicator>::update;

Vortex is a candle-input indicator reading high, low and close. The streaming update returns VortexOutput (Rust), (plus, minus) (Python), or { plus, minus } (Node/WASM). The batch helper returns one row per input — a (n, 2) numpy array in Python, a flat [plus, minus, …] array of length 2·n in Node/WASM, with NaN during warmup.

Warmup

Vortex::new(period).warmup_period() == period + 1. The first VM/TR triple needs a previous bar, so it forms on bar 2; the summation window then needs period triples — the first output lands on input period + 1.

Edge cases

• Flat market. A window with zero total true range cannot be normalised; both lines are reported as 0.0 (perfectly_flat_market_yields_zero pins this).
• Non-negative. Both VI+ and VI− are sums of absolute values over a non-negative range, so neither is ever negative (outputs_are_non_negative pins this).
• Candle validation. Candle::new rejects invalid bars upstream.
• Reset. vortex.reset() clears the previous bar, the window and the three running sums.

Examples

Rust

use wickra::{BatchExt, Candle, Indicator, Vortex};

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let candles = [
        Candle::new(9.0, 10.0, 8.0, 9.0, 1.0, 0)?,
        Candle::new(10.0, 12.0, 9.0, 11.0, 1.0, 1)?,
        Candle::new(12.0, 13.0, 11.0, 12.0, 1.0, 2)?,
    ];
    let mut v = Vortex::new(2)?;
    let out = v.batch(&candles);
    println!("{:?}", out[2]);
    Ok(())
}

Output:

Some(VortexOutput { plus: 1.6, minus: 0.4 })

Over the two formed bars Σ VM+ = 8, Σ VM− = 2, Σ TR = 5, giving VI+ = 1.6 and VI− = 0.4. This matches the reference_values test in crates/wickra-core/src/indicators/vortex.rs.

Python

import numpy as np
import wickra as ta

v = ta.Vortex(14)
high = np.array([10.0, 12.0, 13.0])
low = np.array([8.0, 9.0, 11.0])
close = np.array([9.0, 11.0, 12.0])
# v.batch(high, low, close) -> (3, 2) array of [plus, minus], NaN during warmup
print(v.update((9.0, 10.0, 8.0, 9.0, 1.0, 0)))

Node

const ta = require('wickra');
const v = new ta.Vortex(14);
console.log(v.update(12, 9, 11)); // { plus, minus } or null during warmup

Interpretation

Vortex is a trend-onset detector. The signal is the crossing: when VI+ rises above VI−, a new up-trend is starting; when VI− rises above VI+, a down-trend. The gap between the lines measures conviction — a wide, widening gap is a strong trend, converging lines warn of a stall. Unlike a lagging moving-average cross, the vortex movements react to the reach of each bar, so the cross tends to fire early.

Common pitfalls

• Reading the lines in isolation. A VI+ of 1.1 means nothing on its own — what matters is its position relative to VI−.
• Feeding it scalar prices. It needs high/low/close.

References

Etienne Botes and Douglas Siepman, "The Vortex Indicator", Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commodities (2010). The VM± / true-range definition here follows their original.

See also

• Indicator-Adx — Wilder's directional system.
• Indicator-Atr — the true range Vortex normalises against.
• Indicators-Overview — the full taxonomy.